Advanced Optimization of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Unlocking Superior Charge Generation through Novel Design

Significance 

Triboelectric nanogenerators, or TENGs, are really making waves as an innovative way to turn mechanical energy into electrical power especially when it comes to low-frequency vibrations where traditional methods like piezoelectric generators just don’t cut it. What sets TENGs apart is their use of something called the triboelectric effect—essentially, when two materials rub against each other they generate an electrical charge. This makes them ideal for sustainable energy solutions especially for small devices like sensors or wearables that need a reliable, ongoing source of power. But while the concept is promising, there are still some big challenges holding TENGs back from reaching their full potential. One of the biggest issues is figuring out how to maximize the amount of energy these devices can produce when they’re exposed to mechanical movements, especially at the low frequencies we encounter in everyday life, like when people are walking or animals are moving around. Until now, most of the efforts to improve TENGs have been focused on tweaking the materials or matching the device’s impedance to the load based on something called the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (MPTT). While those tweaks help a bit, they don’t really address the core issue of how to make the device itself generate more power. The MPTT is great for optimizing how efficiently the energy gets transferred out of the device, but it doesn’t do much to help increase the amount of energy the TENG can produce in the first place. This is where Professor Jaime Alvarez-Quintana stepped in with a fresh perspective. The researcher realized that a new approach was needed if they were going to significantly boost the performance of lateral-sliding TENGs (LS-TENGs). Instead of sticking with the same old strategies, they took inspiration from an unlikely source: the population growth model, a concept more commonly used in ecology to describe how populations grow under certain conditions. They adapted this model to reflect the way charges build up and move within LS-TENGs during mechanical motion. His goal was to break past the limitations of existing methods and achieve a real breakthrough in the device’s efficiency. The research paper is now published in Journal Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments.

The driving force behind Professor Jaime Alvarez-Quintana research was a desire to find a new way to enhance both the power output and charge generation rates of LS-TENGs, making these devices more effective in practical, everyday applications. As the demand for battery-free, self-powered devices continues to grow in areas like the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable tech, finding a way to overcome these optimization hurdles is becoming more important than ever. The researcher started by building a prototype for LS-TENG that introduced something new—a variable-radius plate. This change in design was important because it allowed the area of the plates that rub together to shift in a non-linear way as the device moved, which turned out to be key in boosting how much electrical charge it could generate. The author goal was to see if this new design would outperform the more conventional ones, which typically use rectangular or semicircular plates.

To test it out, they focused on measuring how the capacitance of the prototype changed at different angles of motion. Basically, they wanted to see how the charge generation rate varied as the plates slid past one another. What they discovered was really exciting: the device reached its best charge generation at an angle of about 90 degrees. This finding wasn’t just a lucky coincidence—it lined up with what they had predicted theoretically. It showed that, with the right design and movement, they could significantly improve the charge output of the TENG. In fact, this prototype generated up to three times more charge than the traditional LS-TENGs with rectangular plates, without needing any additional complexity in the materials or energy input. Just by changing the shape and how it moved, they were able to get a much better performance. On top of improving how much charge the device could generate, the team also saw a huge jump in the amount of power it could produce. They ran tests to see how much electrical energy the device could generate and deliver to an external load, and the results were even more impressive: the power output was eight times higher than that of the conventional designs. What’s more, after just 15 minutes of collecting mechanical energy, the LS-TENG was able to power small, low-energy devices for up to an hour and a half. This was a massive improvement in energy harvesting efficiency and really backed up the idea that optimizing the device’s structure could lead to big gains in performance. To make sure the author’s findings were solid, the researcher built several more LS-TENGs with different shapes and sizes and tested them under various conditions—different vibration frequencies and angles. Across the board, the variable-radius design consistently came out on top, especially when it came to generating power from low-frequency movements. This was a big deal because it showed that this new approach wasn’t just theoretical—it worked in practice too, and could be the key to making triboelectric nanogenerators much more powerful and efficient in real-world applications.

In conclusion, the work of Professor Jaime Alvarez-Quintana is a real game-changer because it tackles a problem that has been holding back  TENGs for years. Most previous efforts have focused on improving how efficiently TENGs transfer the energy they capture, but that only addresses part of the challenge. The bigger issue is actually improving the amount of energy these devices generate to begin with. This research takes a completely fresh approach to that problem, borrowing a concept from population growth models to rethink how TENGs generate electrical charge. It’s a bold shift in focus, and the fact that the researcher proved it works in real-life experiments is huge. This could open the door to creating TENGs that are far more efficient, particularly when it comes to capturing low-frequency mechanical energy—like the subtle movements we encounter in everyday life, which are key to powering small, autonomous devices. What makes this study even more exciting is its potential to have a real impact beyond the lab. We’re living in an age where more and more devices are becoming part of the IoT, where sensors and wearables are being used everywhere, and all of these devices need reliable power sources. Batteries can only go so far, especially in remote or hard-to-reach areas. That’s where this research we think could make a difference. The TENGs designed using this new approach could provide a sustainable, self-sufficient way to power these devices, no batteries required. With the improvements in both charge and power generation that the study highlights, it’s easy to see how this could lead to more efficient, long-lasting devices that can harvest their own energy from simple movements.

Advanced Optimization of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Unlocking Superior Charge Generation through Novel Design - Advances in Engineering
Figure caption: a) Population growth model of species and b) Population growth model of electrostatic charges, similitude is evident between both models, c) Proposed plate’s TENG geometry for optimal charge generation via population growth model of electrostatic charges, d) Output power comparison between the variable radius TENG and the conventional one with rectangular geometry plates, and e) Self-powered system measuring remotely temperature and humidity via Bluetooth App.

About the author

Prof. Jaime Alvarez received the Ph.D. in Materials Physics from Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona in 2009 working on heat transfer phenomena at nanoscale. From 2009 to date, he joined the Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV- México), where he is currently doing research on a variety of topics related to materials and devices designing for residual energy harvesting, as well as thermal transport at nanoscale with applications to thermoelectrics and solid state thermal devices. Prof. Alvarez was pioneering on proponing phase-change materials for solid state thermal rectification devices. Consequently, because of his contributions to the field, he has been recognized as featured author. Recently, he received the National Award in Energy Innovation given by the National Energy Cluster.

Reference

J. Alvarez-Quintana, The population growth model of electrostatic charges: A novel concept for engineering optimal performance triboelectric nanogenerators, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, Volume 70, 2024, 103951,

Go to Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Check Also

Predicting Moisture Transmission in Ultrathin Inorganic Barriers: A Finite Element Approach to Pinhole Defect Impact on Flexible Electronics - Advances in Engineering

Predicting Moisture Transmission in Ultrathin Inorganic Barriers: A Finite Element Approach to Pinhole Defect Impact on Flexible Electronics